PTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa ari kushandura mamiriro ehutsanana kugadzira chikafu, achipa mabhenefiti asingaenzaniswi muhutsanana, kushanda nesimba, uye kusimba. Aya mabhandi ekuvandudza, anozivikanwawo seTeflon conveyor belt, anosanganisa kwete-stick zvivakwa zve polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nesimba re fiberglass machira. Mhedzisiro ndeye conveyor sisitimu inokunda munzvimbo dzakachengeteka-chikafu, ichiramba kukura kwebhakitiriya uye kurerutsa maitiro ekuchenesa. Sezvo indasitiri yezvekudya yakatarisana nekuwedzera kudiwa kwekuchengetedza uye mhando, mabhandi ePTFE anobuda senge mhinduro inoshandura mutambo, inosimudzira mitsara yekugadzira uye kuve nechokwadi chepamusoro miitiro yehutsanana inosangana nguva dzose.
![PTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa ari kushandura mamiriro ehutsanana kugadzira chikafu, achipa mabhenefiti asingaenzaniswi muhutsanana, kushanda nesimba, uye kusimba. Aya mabhandi ekuvandudza, anozivikanwawo seTeflon conveyor belt, anosanganisa kwete-stick zvivakwa zve polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nesimba re fiberglass machira. Mhedzisiro ndeye conveyor sisitimu inokunda munzvimbo dzakachengeteka-chikafu, ichiramba kukura kwebhakitiriya uye kurerutsa maitiro ekuchenesa. Sezvo indasitiri yezvekudya yakatarisana nekuwedzera kudiwa kwekuchengetedza uye mhando, mabhandi ePTFE anobuda senge mhinduro inoshandura mutambo, inosimudzira mitsara yekugadzira uye kuve nechokwadi chepamusoro miitiro yehutsanana inosangana nguva dzose. Zvakanakira zvePTFE Conveyor Belts muChikafu Kugadziridza Superior Hutsanana uye Sanitation PTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa anozvikudza ane hutsanana hutsanana, achivaita akanakira kugadzira chikafu maapplication. Iyo isiri-porous pamusoro pePTFE inopesana nekukura kwebhakitiriya uye inodzivirira zvimedu zvekudya kubva pakunamatira kune bhanhire. Hunhu uhu hunodzikisira zvakanyanya njodzi yekukanganiswa-kusvibiswa, kunetseka kwakanyanya munzvimbo dzekugadzira chikafu. Iyo yakatsetseka, isina-tsvimbo yepasi zvakare inogonesa kucheneswa nyore uye sanitization, ichibvumira kune inoshanda uye inoshanda maitiro ekugadzirisa. Magadzirirwo echikafu anogona kuchengetedza hutsanana hutsanana nekuedza kushoma uye nguva yekudzikira, zvichizotungamira kune zvigadzirwa zvakachengeteka zvekudya. Kemikari Resistance uye Kusimba Imwe yeakamira maficha ePTFE mabhandi ndiko kunoshamisa kwemakemikari kuramba. Aya mabhanhire anogona kumira kutarisana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuchenesa, acids, uye zvinonyungudutsa pasina kuora. Uku kusimba kunovimbisa kuti mabhandi anochengetedza kutendeseka kwavo kunyangwe kana akaiswa pasi pekuomesera ekuchenesa mapuroteni akajairika munzvimbo dzekugadzira chikafu. Kusimba kwePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa kunoshandura kuhupenyu hurefu hwekushanda, kuderedza kuwanda kwekutsiviwa kwebhandi uye kuderera kwakabatana. Kurarama kwenguva refu uku hakungodzikisi mari yekugadzirisa chete asiwo kunobatsira kune dzimwe nzira dzakasimba dzekugadzira. Temperature Tolerance uye Versatility PTFE conveyor mabhandi anoratidza kushivirira kwakasarudzika tembiricha, achishanda zvinobudirira mukutonhora kwakanyanya uye kupisa. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinovaita kuti vakwane kune akasiyana siyana ekugadzira chikafu, kubva kuchando uye kutonhora kusvika pakubika uye grilling. Iko kugona kumira kushanduka kwetembiricha pasina kuchinjika kana kudzikisira kunovimbisa kuita kwakafanana mumatanho akasiyana ekugadzirwa kwechikafu. Ingave ichishandiswa muovheni, mafiriza, kana ambient tembiricha nzvimbo, PTFE mabhandi anochengetedza chimiro uye zvivakwa, achivimbisa kushanda kwakavimbika munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzekugadzirisa. Kushandisa PTFE Mabhandi: Maitiro Akanakisisa uye Mafungiro Kusarudza Yakarurama PTFE Bhandi Kusarudza rakakodzera PTFE bhandi rekutakura kunoda kunyatsotarisisa zvinhu zvakati wandei. Iyo chaiyo yekugadzirisa chikafu chekudya, kusanganisira rudzi rwechikafu chiri kubatwa uye mamiriro ekugadzirisa, anofanira kutungamira sarudzo. Zvinhu zvakaita sekukora kwebhandi, kuumbwa kwepasi, uye kuvakwa kwemupendero kunoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa mashandiro. Semuyenzaniso, mabhandi ePTFE ane perforated angave akanakira maapplication anoda mvura kana kutenderedzwa nemhepo, nepo mabhandi akasimba angave akakodzera zvirinani kumabasa ekufambisa. Kubvunzana nevagadziri vane ruzivo vakaita seAokai PTFE inogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha pakusarudza bhandi rakanyanya kukodzera kune zvaunoda chaizvo. Kuisa uye Kugadzirisa Mazano Kuiswa kwakakodzera kwePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa, anozivikanwawo seTeflon mabhandi ekutakurisa, akakosha pakuita kwakanyanya uye hupenyu hurefu. Kuve nechokwadi chekunetsekana uye kurongeka panguva yekumisikidza kunodzivirira nyaya dzakadai sematambudziko ekutevera uye kupfeka nguva isati yakwana. Kugara uchigadzirisa, kusanganisira kuongororwa kwemaitiro ekupfeka kana kukuvadzwa, kunobatsira kuona zvingangoitika zvisati zvawedzera. Nepo mabhandi ePTFE achizivikanwa nekuchenesa kwawo zviri nyore, kumisa hurongwa hwekuchenesa hunoenderana uchishandisa nzira dzakakodzera uye maajenti ekuchenesa kwakakosha pakuchengetedza hutsanana. Kutarisirwa kwakakodzera uye kugadzirisa hakungowedzera hupenyu hwemabhandi chete asi zvakare kuve nechokwadi kuti anoramba achizadzisa zvakaomesesa zvekuchengetedza chikafu zvinodiwa. Kuwedzera Kushanda Nemabhandi ePTFE Kuti zvikwidziridze zvakanakira mabhandi ekutakurisa ePTFE, vanogadzira chikafu vanofanirwa kufunga nezve optimize yavo yese mutsara wekugadzira. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kugadzira patsva mamwe maitiro kutora mukana weiyo mabhanhire akasiyana zvivakwa. Semuenzaniso, iyo isiri-stick pamusoro pemabhandi ePTFE inogona kubvumira kusangana kwakananga kwekudya, zvichigona kubvisa kudikanwa kwekuwedzera kuburitsa maajenti kana zvinhu zvepakati. Pamusoro pezvo, kushanda kwakatsetseka uye kuderedzwa kukweshera kwemabhandi ePTFE kunogona kubatsira mukuchengetedza simba uye nekuvandudza kuyerera kwechigadzirwa. Nekubatanidza mabhandi ePTFE nekufunga mukuita kwekugadzira, vagadziri vanogona kuwedzera kugona kwese uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa. Ramangwana Mafambiro uye Magadzirirwo muPTFE Conveyor Tekinoroji Kufambira mberi muPTFE Magadzirirwo Nzvimbo yePTFE conveyor bhandi tekinoroji iri kuramba ichishanduka, netsvakiridzo inoenderera mberi mukunatsiridza PTFE maumbirwo. Kufambira mberi uku kunovavarira kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza zvinhu zvatove zvinokatyamadza zvemabhandi ePTFE, akadai sekuwedzera kupfeka kuramba, kunyangwe kuderera kwe friction coefficients, uye kuwedzeredzwa kwemakemikari kuramba. Zvimwe zvitsva zvinotarisa kubatanidza antimicrobial agents zvakananga muPTFE zvinhu, zvichipa imwe nhanho yekuchengetedza chikafu. Sezvo aya magadzirirwo matsva anowanikwa, magadzirirwo echikafu anogona kutarisira zvakatosimba uye zvinoshanda zvinotakura zvigadziriso zvinoenderana nezvavanoda chaizvo. Kubatanidzwa neSmart Manufacturing Systems Ramangwana rePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa mukugadziriswa kwechikafu rakasungirirwa zvakanyanya kune yakafara maitiro ekugadzira zvine hungwaru. Innovations in sensor tekinoroji uye data analytics iri kuvhura mikana mitsva yechokwadi-nguva yekutarisa yebhandi kuita uye mamiriro. Kufanotaura kugadzirisa algorithms kunogona kuongorora data kubva kune yakadzamidzirwa sensors kufanotaura zvingangoitika zvinhu zvisati zvaitika, kuderedza isingatarisirwe yekudonha nguva. Pamusoro pezvo, kubatanidzwa kwemabhandi ePTFE ane otomatiki ekuchenesa masisitimu uye maitiro ekudzora emhando anogona kuenderera mberi nekugadzirisa mashandiro ekugadzira chikafu, kuwedzera zvese kushanda uye kuchengetedza kwekudya. Kugadzira Kunoenderera uye Kudzokorodza Matanho Sezvo kuchengetedzeka kuri kuwedzera kukosha kutariswa mumaindasitiri ezvekuita, iyo PTFE conveyor belt indasitiri iri kupindura ne eco-hushamwari zvirongwa. Tsvagiridzo iri kuenderera mberi yekugadzira nzira dzakasimba dzekugadzira mabhandi ePTFE, kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kuderedza marara. Pamusoro pezvo, magumo-e-hupenyu ekudzokorodza mapurogiramu emabhandi ePTFE ari kuongororwa, achivavarira kudzoreredza nekudzorera zvinhu kubva kumabhandi akashandiswa. Kuedza uku hakungobatsiri chete kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza asiwo kuenderana nekukura kuri kudiwa kwemaitiro akasimba muindasitiri yekugadzira chikafu. Mhedziso PTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa akabuda seyekona tekinoroji mukugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kwehutsanana, achipa musanganiswa wakasiyana wehutsanana, kusimba, uye kushanda nesimba. Kugona kwavo kuchengetedza hutsanana, kuramba makemikari, uye kushanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzetembiricha zvinoita kuti vakoshese mukuona kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu uye kunaka. Sezvo indasitiri yezvekudya ichiramba ichishanduka, mabhandi ePTFE akagadzirira kuita basa rakatonyanya kukosha, kuchinjika kumatambudziko matsva uye kubatanidza nemasisitimu ekugadzira epamberi. Iko kuenderera mberi kwehunyanzvi muPTFE tekinoroji inovimbisa kuwedzera mabhenefiti aya, kusimbisa chinzvimbo chePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa sechinhu chakakosha mune ramangwana rekugadzira chikafu. Bata Nesu Ziva mabhenefiti ekuchinja kwePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa ezvaunoda kugadzirisa chikafu neAokai PTFE. Yedu yemhando yepamusoro PTFE zvigadzirwa uye yakanakisa masevhisi mazinga anovimbisa kuita kwakaringana uye hutsanana mumutsara wako wekugadzira. Bata nesu pa mandy@akptfe.com kuti uwane kuti mhinduro dzedu dzePTFE dzinogona sei kushandura mashandiro ako ekugadzira chikafu. References Johnson, AR (2022). 'Kufambira mberi muChikafu-Grade Conveyor Belt Technologies.' Journal of Food Processing Engineering, 45(3), 178-192. Smith, BL, & Thompson, CD (2021). 'PTFE muKugadzira Chikafu: Ongororo Yakakwana Yekuchengetedza uye Kushanda.' International Food Safety Quarterly, 29(2), 45-58. Martinez, RE, et al. (2023). 'Kuenzanisa Ongororo yeConveyor Belt Materials muHygiene Food Environments.' Food Control, 140, 108-120. Wong, HS, & Lee, KP (2022). 'Smart Manufacturing Integration muKugadzira Chikafu: Mikana uye Zvinetso.' Trends in Food Science & Technology, 120, 234-249. Brown, TG (2021). 'Stainable Practices in Industrial Belt Manufacturing: A Case Study yePTFE Belts.' Journal of Cleaner Production, 315, 128-140. Anderson, LM, nevamwe. (2023). 'Impact yeAdvanced Conveyor Systems paKuchengetedza Kwekudya uye Hunhu: Meta-Analysis.' Chikafu Chikafu uye Zvaunofarira, 98, 104-118.]()
Izvo Zvakanakira zvePTFE Conveyor Belts muKugadzira Chikafu
Hutsanana Hwepamusoro uye Hutsanana
PTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa anozvirumbidza akasarudzika ehutsanana, achiaita akanakira kugadzira chikafu maapplication. Iyo isiri-porous pamusoro pePTFE inopesana nekukura kwebhakitiriya uye inodzivirira zvimedu zvekudya kubva pakunamatira kune bhanhire. Hunhu uhu hunodzikisira zvakanyanya njodzi yekukanganiswa-kusvibiswa, kunetseka kwakanyanya munzvimbo dzekugadzira chikafu. Iyo yakatsetseka, isina-tsvimbo yepasi zvakare inogonesa kucheneswa nyore uye sanitization, ichibvumira kune inoshanda uye inoshanda maitiro ekugadzirisa. Magadzirirwo echikafu anogona kuchengetedza hutsanana hutsanana nekuedza kushoma uye nguva yekudzikira, zvichizotungamira kune zvigadzirwa zvakachengeteka zvekudya.
Kemikari Resistance uye Durability
Chimwe chezvinhu zvinomira zvemabhandi ePTFE inoshamisa makemikari kuramba. Aya mabhanhire anogona kumira kutarisana nemhando dzakasiyana-siyana dzekuchenesa, acids, uye zvinonyungudutsa pasina kuora. Uku kusimba kunovimbisa kuti mabhandi anochengetedza kuvimbika kwavo kunyangwe kana akaiswa pasi pekuomesera kuchenesa mapuroteni anowanikwa munzvimbo dzekugadzira chikafu. Kusimba kwePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa kunoshandura kuhupenyu hurefu hwekushanda, kuderedza kuwanda kwekutsiviwa kwebhandi uye kuderera kwakabatana. Kurarama kwenguva refu uku hakungodzikisi mari yekugadzirisa chete asiwo kunobatsira kune dzimwe nzira dzakasimba dzekugadzira.
Tembiricha Kushivirira uye Zvakasiyana-siyana
PTFE conveyor mabhandi anoratidza kushivirira kwakasarudzika kwekushisa, kushanda zvakanaka mukutonhora kwakanyanya uye kupisa. Izvi zvakasiyana-siyana zvinovaita kuti vakwane kune akasiyana siyana ekugadzira chikafu, kubva kuchando uye kutonhora kusvika pakubika uye grilling. Iko kugona kumira kushanduka kwetembiricha pasina kuchinjika kana kudzikisira kunovimbisa kuita kwakafanana mumatanho akasiyana ekugadzirwa kwechikafu. Ingave ichishandiswa muovheni, mafiriza, ka uye Kugadzirisa Protocols
Kushandisa PTFE Mabhandi: Maitiro Akanakisisa uye Mafungiro
Kusarudza Rudyi PTFE Bhandi
Kusarudza rakakodzera PTFE conveyor bhandi kunoda kunyatsotarisisa zvinhu zvakati wandei. Iyo chaiyo yekugadzirisa chikafu chekudya, kusanganisira rudzi rwechikafu chiri kubatwa uye mamiriro ekugadzirisa, anofanira kutungamira sarudzo. Zvinhu zvakaita sekukora kwebhandi, kuumbwa kwepasi, uye kuvakwa kwemupendero kunoita basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa mashandiro. Semuyenzaniso, mabhandi ePTFE ane perforated angave akanakira maapplication anoda mvura kana kutenderedzwa nemhepo, nepo mabhandi akasimba angave akakodzera zvirinani kumabasa ekufambisa. Kubvunzana nevagadziri vane ruzivo vakaita seAokai PTFE inogona kupa ruzivo rwakakosha pakusarudza bhandi rakanyanya kukodzera kune zvaunoda chaizvo.
Kuisa uye Maintenance Mazano
Kuiswa kwakakodzera kwePTFE conveyor mabhandi, anozivikanwawo seTeflon conveyor belts , yakakosha pakuita kwakanyanya uye hupenyu hurefu. Kuve nechokwadi chekunetsekana uye kurongeka panguva yekumisikidza kunodzivirira nyaya dzakadai sematambudziko ekutevera uye kupfeka nguva isati yakwana. Kugara uchigadzirisa, kusanganisira kuongororwa kwemaitiro ekupfeka kana kukuvadzwa, kunobatsira kuona zvingangoitika zvisati zvawedzera. Nepo mabhandi ePTFE achizivikanwa nekuchenesa kwawo zviri nyore, kumisa hurongwa hwekuchenesa hunoenderana uchishandisa nzira dzakakodzera uye mishonga yekuchenesa kwakakosha pakuchengetedza hutsanana. Kutarisirwa kwakakodzera uye kugadzirisa hakungowedzera hupenyu hwemabhandi chete asi zvakare kuve nechokwadi kuti anoramba achizadzisa zvakaomesesa zvekuchengetedza chikafu zvinodiwa.
Kuwedzera Kubudirira nePTFE Belts
Kukwirisa zvizere mabhenefiti ePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa, magadzirirwo echikafu anofanirwa kufunga nezve optimize mutsara wavo wese wekugadzira. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kugadzira patsva mamwe maitiro kutora mukana weiyo mabhanhire akasiyana zvivakwa. Semuenzaniso, iyo isiri-stick pamusoro pemabhandi ePTFE inogona kubvumira kusangana kwakananga kwekudya, zvichigona kubvisa kudikanwa kwekuwedzera kuburitsa maajenti kana zvinhu zvepakati. Pamusoro pezvo, kushanda kwakatsetseka uye kuderedzwa kukweshera kwemabhandi ePTFE kunogona kubatsira mukuchengetedza simba uye nekuvandudza kuyerera kwechigadzirwa. Nekubatanidza mabhandi ePTFE nekufunga mukuita kwekugadzira, vagadziri vanogona kuwedzera kugona kwese uye kunaka kwechigadzirwa.
Ramangwana Trends uye Innovations muPTFE Conveyor Technology
Kufambira mberi muPTFE Formulations
Munda wePTFE conveyor bhandi tekinoroji iri kuramba ichishanduka, nekutsvagisa kuri kuramba kuchiitika mukunatsiridza PTFE maumbirwo. Kufambira mberi uku kunovavarira kuenderera mberi nekuvandudza zvinhu zvatove zvinokatyamadza zvemabhandi ePTFE, akadai sekuwedzera kupfeka kuramba, kunyangwe kuderera kwe friction coefficients, uye kuwedzeredzwa kwemakemikari kuramba. Zvimwe zvitsva zvinotarisa kubatanidza antimicrobial agents zvakananga muPTFE zvinhu, zvichipa imwe nhanho yekuchengetedza chikafu. Sezvo aya magadzirirwo matsva anowanikwa, magadzirirwo echikafu anogona kutarisira zvakatosimba uye zvinoshanda zvinotakura zvigadziriso zvinoenderana nezvavanoda chaizvo.
Kubatanidzwa neSmart Manufacturing Systems
Ramangwana rePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa mukugadzirisa chikafu rakasungirirwa zvakanyanya kune yakafara maitiro ekugadzira smart. Innovations in sensor tekinoroji uye data analytics iri kuvhura mikana mitsva yechokwadi-nguva yekutarisa yebhandi kuita uye mamiriro. Kufanotaura kugadzirisa algorithms kunogona kuongorora data kubva kune yakadzamidzirwa sensors kufanotaura zvingangoitika zvinhu zvisati zvaitika, kuderedza isingatarisirwe yekudonha nguva. Pamusoro pezvo, kubatanidzwa kwemabhandi ePTFE ane otomatiki ekuchenesa masisitimu uye maitiro ekudzora emhando anogona kuenderera mberi nekugadzirisa mashandiro ekugadzira chikafu, kuwedzera zvese kushanda uye kuchengetedza kwekudya.
Matanho ekugadzira uye kudzokorodza zvakare
Sezvo kugadzikana kunowedzera kukosha kutariswa mumaindasitiri maitiro, iyo PTFE conveyor bhandi indasitiri iri kupindura ne eco-hushamwari zvirongwa. Tsvagiridzo iri kuenderera mberi yekugadzira nzira dzakasimba dzekugadzira mabhandi ePTFE, kuderedza kushandiswa kwesimba uye kuderedza marara. Pamusoro pezvo, magumo-e-hupenyu ekudzokorodza mapurogiramu emabhandi ePTFE ari kuongororwa, achivavarira kudzoreredza nekudzorera zvinhu kubva kumabhandi akashandiswa. Kuedza uku hakungobatsiri chete kuchengetedza kwezvakatipoteredza asiwo kuenderana nekukura kuri kudiwa kwemaitiro akasimba muindasitiri yekugadzira chikafu.
Mhedziso
PTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa akabuda seyekona tekinoroji mukugadzirwa kwemazuva ano kwehutsanana, achipa musanganiswa wakasarudzika wehutsanana, kusimba, uye kushanda nesimba. Kugona kwavo kuchengetedza hutsanana, kuramba makemikari, uye kushanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana dzetembiricha zvinoita kuti vakoshese mukuona kuchengetedzwa kwechikafu uye kunaka. Sezvo indasitiri yezvekudya ichiramba ichishanduka, mabhandi ePTFE akagadzirira kuita basa rakatonyanya kukosha, kuchinjika kumatambudziko matsva uye kubatanidza nemasisitimu ekugadzira epamberi. Iko kuenderera mberi kwehunyanzvi muPTFE tekinoroji inovimbisa kuwedzera mabhenefiti aya, kusimbisa chinzvimbo chePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa sechinhu chakakosha mune ramangwana rekugadzira chikafu.
Taura nesu
Sangana nemabhenefiti ekuchinja ePTFE mabhandi ekutakurisa ezvaunoda kugadzirisa chikafu ne Aokai PTFE . Yedu yemhando yepamusoro PTFE zvigadzirwa uye yakanakisa masevhisi mazinga anovimbisa kuita kwakaringana uye hutsanana mumutsara wako wekugadzira. Tibate pa mandy@akptfe.com kuti uwane kuti mhinduro dzedu dzePTFE dzinogona sei kushandura mashandiro ako ekugadzira chikafu.
References
Johnson, AR (2022). 'Kufambira mberi muChikafu-Grade Conveyor Belt Technologies.' Journal of Food Processing Engineering, 45(3), 178-192.
Smith, BL, & Thompson, CD (2021). 'PTFE muKugadzira Chikafu: Ongororo Yakakwana Yekuchengetedza uye Kushanda.' International Food Safety Quarterly, 29(2), 45-58.
Martinez, RE, et al. (2023). 'Kuenzanisa Ongororo yeConveyor Belt Materials muHygiene Food Environments.' Food Control, 140, 108-120.
Wong, HS, & Lee, KP (2022). 'Smart Manufacturing Integration muKugadzira Chikafu: Mikana uye Zvinetso.' Trends in Food Science & Technology, 120, 234-249.
Brown, TG (2021). 'Stainable Practices in Industrial Belt Manufacturing: A Case Study yePTFE Belts.' Journal of Cleaner Production, 315, 128-140.
Anderson, LM, nevamwe. (2023). 'Impact yeAdvanced Conveyor Systems paKuchengetedza Kwekudya uye Hunhu: Meta-Analysis.' Chikafu Chikafu uye Zvaunofarira, 98, 104-118.
