Xihloko lexi xi katsa nhlayo ya silica na swiyimo swa ku tirhisiwa ka lapi ra fibre ya nghilazi ya silica yale henhla. Nhlamuselo ya nhlayo ya silica: xikombiso xa nkoka i SiO2 ≥96% (standard 96-98%, premium grades >99% hiku tirhisa acid leaching na sintering, ku tshinelela pure quartz fiber). Ku endliwa: Lapi ra E-glass ri endla hot acid leaching kuva ri n’okisela swiphemu leswingariki swa silica (boron oxide, sodium oxide), leswi endlaka leswaku kuva na porous high-silica skeleton, kutani yi sinteriwa kuva yi densification. Swipfuno swa nkoka: vukorhokeri lebyi yaka emahlweni eka 900°C eka swibakabaka leswi oxidizing, nkarhi wo koma ehenhla ka 1200°C, ndzhawu yo olova ekusuhi na 1700°C; ku tiya ka tikhemikhali eka ti acid/alkali totala handle ka HF na phosphoric acid yo hisa; dielectric constant yale hansi xikan’we na insulation leyi tiyeke eka mahiselo yale henhla.

Xihloko lexi xi katsa xiendlakalo xa delamination xa lapi ra Teflon ra mahiselo yale henhla. Delamination swivula ku hambanisiwa naku peeling exikarhi ka surface PTFE coating na internal fiberglass base fabric kumbe exikarhi ka ti coating layers totala. Swikombiso leswi voniwaka: ku pfimba/ku rhurhumela (swiphepherhele leswi tlakukeke leswi nga na ku titwa ka hollow) tanihi swikombiso swo sungula; interlayer peeling na coating leyi susiwaka hiku olova eka maphepha lawa ya paluxaka fiberglass yo basa; localized whitening leyi landzeriwaka hiku flaking endzhaku ka kuhisa/friction. Swivangelo leswikulu: Ku onhaka ka ntshikelelo wa mahiselo — ku hambana ka ti thermal expansion coefficients exikarhi ka PTFE na fiberglass swi endla leswaku ku va na ntshikelelo wa le ndzeni, swirhendzevutani swa xihatla swa ku hisa/ku kufumela swi vanga ku hambana; Swihoxo swa khwalithi ya vuhumelerisi — vutshunguri lebyi nga ringanelangiki bya le henhla ka fiberglass, PTFE impregnation yoka yingari kahle, sintering leyinga ringanelangiki leswi vangaka ku tsana ka interfacial bonding.

Xihloko lexi xi hlamusela swihlawulekisi swa microstructural swa lapi ra Teflon ra mahiselo yale henhla. Substrate skeleton: xivumbeko xa glass fibre weaving eka ti plain/twill weaves letingana porosity yale henhla (micron-scale pores endzeni ka ti fibre bundles nale ka warp-weft nodes) leswi nyikaka ndzhawu ya PTFE impregnation. Mofoloji ya ku peta: full impregnation encapsulation yi vumba 'reinforced concrete' xivumbeko laha ti fibre ta nghilazi ti nga xiphemu xo tiyisisa, PTFE i matrix leyi yaka emahlweni; surface nodular microstructure ya ti nodules (ti particles) leti hlanganisiweke hi ti fibrils letinene leti vumbiweke hi nkarhi wa sintering; continuous dense skin layer (yo hlaya kuya eka makume ya ti microns hiku enta) ya pure PTFE tani hi xisirhelelo xa nkoka xa ku nga tirhi ka tikhemikhali, swivumbeko leswinga namarheli, na ku pfaleriwa ka gezi.

Xihloko lexi xi kambisisa vuyelo bya vulawuri bya tension ya webu hi nkarhi wa Teflon high-temperature tape coating eka PTFE substrate flatness na adhesive coating uniformity. Vuyelo eka substrate flatness: tension leyi tlulaka elastic limit yivanga ku olovisiwa ka plastiki lokunga hundzukiki naku necking (longitudinal elongation, transverse narrowing), leswi endlaka slackness, wrinkles na wavy patterns; PTFE creep ehansi ka sustained tension yi hundzuka 'frozen' endzhaku ko hola, leswi vangaka ku nga ringani ka le henhla; uneven transverse tension kusuka eka roller parallelism yoka yingari kahle yi endla leswaku matlhelo lawa ya govekeke, central blistering, na ti periodic tight-loose marks.

Xihloko lexi xi kambisisa ku cinca ka xivumbeko eka lapi ra PTFE ra mahiselo yale henhla hi nkarhi wa ku dyuhala. Swiyenge swa mune: PTFE coating microstructure — molecular chain scission na oxidation (ku tumbuluxiwa ka ntlawa wa carbonyl/carboxyl), ku cinca ka crystallinity (ku tlakuka ka ha ri na nkarhi kutani ku wa), ku tumbuluxiwa ka micro-crack na pinhole, ku endliwa ka powder ya le henhla; Glass fibre substrate na interface — sizing/coupling agent decomposition leswi vangaka ku lahlekeriwa hi bonding, interfacial debonding na delamination (blistering, tindzhawu to basa), glass fibre network erosion na embrittlement, alkali metal oxide precipitation leswi vangaka stress corrosion; Xivumbeko xa macroscopic na xivumbeko — ku cinca ka muhlovo (wo basa→beige→buraweni→ntima), shrinkage deformation na curling, surface roughening xikan’we naku lahlekeriwa hi gloss, powder loko u khumbiwa, ku lahlekeriwa hiku hetiseka ka ku olova. Nkoka wa ku dyuhala: endlelo leri yaka emahlweni ra 'ku onhaka ka coating → ku tsandzeka ka interface → ku onhaka ka substrate.'

Xihloko lexi xi katsa ndlela yo lawula nkarhi wa sintering wa PTFE high-temperature fabric. Ndlela ya vulawuri bya nkoka: ku lulamisiwa ka rivilo ra layini. Nkarhi wo sintering = ku leha ka xiphemu xo kufumeta lexi tirhaka ÷ rivilo ro famba ra lapi. Threshold ya sintering leyi tirhaka i 350°C (ehenhla ka mahiselo lawa ya hlayiwa tani hi nkarhi wa sintering). Ku hangalasiwa ka mahiselo ya ti zone totala: ku hisiwa ka ha ri emahlweni (100-250°C), ku sintering (360-395°C), ku vekiwa ka mahiselo yale henhla (380-390°C), ku kufumela (ehansi ka 300°C). Minkarhi ya swikombo eka 380-390°C: yi vevuka (0.08-0.13mm) 30-60 wa tisekoni; xiyimo xa le henhla (0.18-0.25mm) 1.5-3 wa timinete; ku tika (≥0.35mm) 3-5 wa timinete. Ku tiveka naku lulamisiwa: under-sintering (matimba yale hansi, ku khuluka ka powder, micro-cracks) → hunguta rivilo ku engetela nkarhi; over-sintering (ku tshwuka, ku brittleness, musi wo basa) → engetela rivilo ku hunguta vutshamo. Ku ringana ka mahiselo-nkarhi swipfumelela high-temp fast sintering (395-405°C, seconds) kumbe low-temp slow sintering (360-375°C, 5-8 wa timinete).

Xihloko lexi xi hlamusela xivumbeko xa ku cinca eka matimba yo hlangana ya PTFE high-temperature tape adhesive layer endzhaku ka ku dyuhala ka mahiselo yale henhla. Xivumbeko xa switeji swinharhu: Xiteji xo tlakuka xa le ndzhaku ka ku horisiwa (ku sungula ku hlangana na mahiselo yale henhla eka 200-260°C, mintlawa ya masalela ya reactive yi ya emahlweni yi crosslinking, ku hlangana ku tlakuka swinene); Xiteji xa equilibrium lexi tiyeke (crosslinking yi tshinelela ku hetisisiwa, ku hlangana ku tshama ku tshamisekile eka nkarhi wo leha); Xiteji xaku onhaka naku hunguteka (nkarhi/mahiselo yotala swivanga ku onhaka ka main chain, cohesion yahunguteka, adhesive ya olova naswona yiva tacky). Swivangelo swa timintsu swa cohesive failure (ku handzuka ka le ndzeni ku siya masalela) na squeeze-out (cold flow kusuka emakumu hikokwalaho ka kuhunguteka ka modulus) swa xopaxopiwa.

Xihloko lexi xi hlamusela hi vuxokoxoko ku tirhisiwa ka lapi ra Teflon ra mahiselo yale henhla eka indasitiri ya eneji ya dyambu. Ku tirhisiwa ka nkoka eka lamination ya modula: lapi ro humesa leri vekiweke ehenhla/ehansi ka mimojula ya PV ri sivela EVA leyi n’okiweke (140-150°C) ku namarhela eka platen yo kufumeta kumbe pulati ya rhaba, ku sirhelela switirhisiwa na ku tiyisisa leswaku vuandlalo bya modula byi rhetela; mabandhi yo fambisa ya laminator yo layicha/ku rhurhisa hi ku tisungulela; lapi ro sirhelela ra platen ra rhaba leri engetelaka vutomi bya ntirho. Cell stringer soldering: ti conveyor belts leti rhwalelaka ti cells na ribbon hiku tirhisa ndzhawu yo hisa, na non-stick surface leyi lwisanaka na flux na solder splashes; swifunengeto swa pulatifomo yo kufumeta swa switichi swo tirhela eka swona swo solder. Ku pfaleriwa ka mahiselo yale henhla: ku phutsela eka ti tubes to kufumeta, ti thermocouples, ti cable eka ti laminators nati curing ovens; switirhisiwa tikheteni to pfalela ku hisa na switlhangu.

Xihloko lexi xi katsa magoza ya pretreatment lawa ya lavekaka eka lapi ra fiberglass loko kungase cheriwa PTFE emulsion impregnation. Goza 1: Ku basisiwa hi ku hisa/ku susa wax eka 300-450°C ku susa hi ku helela paraffin wax na mafurha eka fibre surface (paraffin wax, starch derivatives), nhlayo ya masalela ya vukulu leyi lavekaka ehansi ka 0.2%, ku humesa 'heat-dewaxed fabric.' Goza 2: Vutshunguri bya tikhemikhali ta le henhla — ku cheriwa ka silane coupling agents (KH-550, KH-560, A-174) ku endla filimi yo hlanganisa tikhemikhali eka vuandlalo bya fibre, leswi endlaka leswaku ku va na buloho ra molecular exikarhi ka tifibre ta nghilazi leti nga riki ta ntumbuluko na PTFE ya organic; malapi lawa ya xavisiwaka lawa ya tshunguriweke ka ha ri emahlweni ya nga tlula goza leri kambe ya fanele ku tiyisisiwa. Goza ravunharhu: Ku omisa naku hisa ka ha ri emahlweni — ku omisa eka 80-120°C kuringana 1-2 wa tiawara kuva kuhungutiwa ndzhongho ehansi ka 0.1%, ku sivela ku endliwa ka bubble/void hinkarhi wa ku horisiwa.

Xihloko lexi xi humesa tindlela to antswisa ku tiya ka creep xikan’we naku khoma nkarhi woleha ka thepi ya high-hold Teflon high-temperature. Maqhinga ya katsa: Ku antswisiwa ka topology ya netiweke ya molekhuli — MQ ya le henhla ya silicone resin/gum ratio (1.2:1–2:1) yi vumba ti rigid hard-phase domains; ku nghenisiwa ka mintlawa ya phenyl (20-30 mol%) swi sivela ku famba ka chain; ntiko wa molekhuli ya crosslink wu lawuriwa eka 5,000-15,000 g/mol; Xivumbeko xo namarhela xa gradient modulus multilayer — primer-anchoring layer (1-3μm) na silane coupling agent, high-modulus cohesive layer (30-50μm) tani hi marhambu lawa ya lwisanaka na shear, viscoelastic functional layer (3-8μm) ya ku tsakamisa ehenhla; Nanofillers — fumed silic (10-25 wt%) na ku cinciwa ka le henhla swi endla leswaku ku tlheriseriwa endzhaku ka physical crosslinking.