Xihloko lexi xi katsa matirhiselo ya lapi ra mahiselo yale henhla ya PTFE eka switirhisiwa swa carbon fibre flat composite. Compression molding: yi vekiwa exikarhi ka ti molds na ti prepregs leswi sivelaka ku namarhela ka epoxy resin, leswi endlaka leswaku ku olova ku demolding; sandwiched exikarhi ka ti panels to tala to olova ku papalata ku namarhela. Vacuum bag molding: film yo humesa leyi tirhisiwaka nakambe exikarhi ka prepreg na lapi ro hefemula, leswi pfumelelaka ku hundza ka gasi/resin loko swiri karhi swi endla leswaku ku olova ku rhurhumela endzhaku ka ku horisiwa; textured side yi hundzisela fine surface texture ku antswisa bonding roughness, ku herisa sanding. Vuhumelerisi lebyi yaka emahlweni: ti seamless non-stick conveyor belts ti rhwala ti prepregs hiku tirhisa ti heating/pressing zones; cushion layer yi hangalasa ntshikelelo hiku ringana ku hunguta ti localized indentations.

Xihloko lexi xi kambisisa ku koteka ka vutshunguri bya malangavi eka ku cinca ka vuandlalo bya PTFE naswona xi pimanisa vuyelo na vutshunguri bya corona na plasma. Ku koteka: langavi ri nga cinca PTFE kambe a ri tali ku tirhisiwa eka tiindasitiri — makhombo ya vuhlayiseki (PTFE yi bola yi humesa HF leyi nga na chefu na perfluoroisobutylene); matirhelo ya ringanerile (enerji yale henhla ntsena 30-35 mN/m, yi vumba leyara ya ndzilakano leyi tsaneke). Maendlelo yo tirha: malangavi — oxidation ya nkarhinyana ya mahiselo yale henhla (>1000°C), etching nyana, mintlawa yitsongo ya oxygen; corona — ku humesiwa ka voltage yale henhla swi humesa ozone/active oxygen, oxidation yo olova, energy density yale hansi ayi koti ku tshoveka ti CF bonds; plasma — swiphemuphemu swa matimba ya le henhla/tielektroni/ti-free radicals hi ku kongoma swi hambanisa swihlanganisi swa CF na ku nghenisa mintlawa ya polar (hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino).

Xihloko lexi xi pimanisa ku pakanisa ka tindlela tinharhu to kambela digri ya ku horisa eka swinamarheti leswi twaka ntshikelelo wa silicone. Ku humesiwa ka solvent (gel content) swi pima xiphemu xa network lexi nga nyawuriki hiku tirhisa Soxhlet extraction — ku ringanyeta ngopfu hikokwalaho ka swiphemu leswi pfanganisiweke hi nyama leswi endliweke xihoxo tani hi crosslinks, precision ±2-5%, ku pakanisa ka tikhemikhali tale hansi swinene. DSC yi pima ku hisa ka residual reaction (α=1-ΔHresidual/ΔHtotal) — ku tshembheka eka ku hundzuka ka le hansi ku ya eka ka le xikarhi kambe yi ringanyeta ngopfu eka ku hundzuka ka le henhla hikwalaho ka mintlawa ya masalela leyi nga na swipimelo swa ku hangalaka, ku phindha-phindha <±2%.

Xihloko lexi xi katsa mintirho ya PTFE eka thermal insulation cladding ya tinjhini ta swibuluki. Maendlelo ya mune: Endothermic decomposition — PTFE yi depolymerizes eka ~400°C kuya eka tetrafluoroethylene (endothermic yale henhla, ~3,000°C combustion gas exposure), yi tswonga kuhisa lokukulu xikan’we naku humesa matimba yo hisa kusuka eka vuandlalo bya rirhangu. Ku kufumela ka transpiration na ku pfaleriwa ka filimi ya gasi — tigasi to bola (tetrafluoroethylene) ti nghena ehandle hi ti micro-pores, ti susa ku hisa ka le henhla; filimi ya gasi leyi khulukaka yi hambanyisa gasi yo hisa ya mahiselo yale henhla kusuka eka rirhangu, leswi hungutaka ku hisa ka le kusuhi na rirhangu hi >50%; filimi ya gasi yi cinca rivilo/mahiselo ya leyara ya ndzilakano, ku hunguta ku khuluka ka swiphemuphemu.

Xihloko lexi xi katsa vuyelo bya gamma-ray irradiation eka xivumbeko xa PTFE na swivumbeko. Ku cinca ka xivumbeko xa tikhemikhali: miseve ya gamma yi tshoveka ti CC main chains na CF side chains (G-value 3.0-3.5), leswi vangaka ku tsemiwa lokukulu ka ti chain na ku hunguteka lokukulu ka ntiko wa molekhuli; eka oxygen, ti free radicals ti endla ti peroxy radicals leti nghenisaka mintlawa ya makumu ya acyl fluoride na carboxylic acid (hydrolyzing kuya eka HF). Xivumbeko xa condensed xa cinca: crystallinity yi tlakuka ekusunguleni (dose yale hansi, ti chains to koma ti lulamisa nakambe) kutani ya wa (dose yale henhla, swihoxo swi kavanyeta ti crystals); ti crystals ta lamellar ti avana ti va ti crystallites letintsongo leti nyamalala hiku landzelelana ka mpfhuka woleha. Ku onhaka ka nhundzu: elongation eka break yihunguteka kusuka eka 0.1 kGy emoyeni, ku lahlekeriwa hi >90% eka ~1kGy — material yiva rigid na brittle; melting point yihunguteka kusuka eka 327°C kuya ehansi ka 310°C; mintlawa ya polar yi tlakusa nyana dielectric constant/loss; vuandlalo byi cinca kusuka eka byo basa kuya eka grey/black na ku lahlekeriwa hi gloss.

Xihloko lexi xi katsa tindlela to lawula crystallinity ya PTFE coating eka lapi ra Teflon ra mahiselo yale henhla. Ku lawuriwa ka mpimo wa ku kufumela swi kongoma swinene naswona switirha: Ku kufumela hiku hatlisa (ku tima) hiku tirhisa ti curtains ta moya wo titimela, ti cooling rollers kumbe mathangi ya mati — ti molecular chains ti freeze loko tinga se oda ku lulamisiwa, ti endla ti crystals letintsongo letinga hetisekangiki; ku peta swi olovile, swi tiya na matirhelo lama antswisiweke ya non-stick, ku hungutiwa nyana ku tiya/ku tiya ka ku onhaka. Ku kufumela hiku nonoka (annealing) hiku tirhisa xiphemu xo hlayisa kuhisa eka 10-50°C/h kumbe ku kufumela ka furnace — ti molecular chains ti lulamisela hiku hetiseka kuva ti spherulites letikulu leti heleleke; coating yina ku tiya lokukulu, ku tiya loku hlamarisaka ka ku onhaka, ti dimensions leti tiyeke, kuhunguteka ka ku olova xikan’we naku engeteleriwa ka brittleness.

Xihloko lexi xi katsa ku cheriwa ka lapi ra Teflon ra mahiselo yale henhla eka ti furnaces ta sintering leti fambafambaka hi moya wo hisa. Ku koteka: kutirhisiwa tani hi non-stick cushion eka mesh belts kumbe ti trays loko mahiselo ya furnace ≤260°C (ku omisiwa ka mahiselo yale hansi, ku susiwa ka binder, slurry curing) — swiantswisa ku demolding na ku tshovela kahle. Swi yirisiwile swinene eka mahiselo yale xikarhi/yale henhla (300-950°C) — PTFE yi bola yi humesa chefu ya HF na perfluoroisobutylene, yi bola switirhisiwa naswona yivanga chefu leyi dlayaka. Nsinya wa vuhlayiseki: loko mahiselo ya furnace yanga tiveki kumbe yanga tiyisisiwi ehansi ka 260°C, unga tirhisi. Swihlawulekisi swa nkoka: vukorhokeri lebyi yaka emahlweni -70°C kuya eka 260°C, nkarhi wo koma 300°C; ku nga namarheli ngopfu na ku nga tirhi ka tikhemikhali; ku pfaleriwa ka gezi lokunene ngopfu; ku hlangana ka le hansi (~0.04); fiberglass base yinyika matimba yale henhla ya tensile.

Xihloko lexi xi katsa rivilo ra layini leri tolovelekeke ra layini ya vuhumelerisi bya Teflon ya mahiselo ya le henhla ya lapi ra impregnation. Tihakelo ta rivilo: switirhisiwa swo olova swa ntolovelo (0.08-0.30mm) eka 0.5-3 m/min, switshamisekile eka 1-3 m/min; switirhisiwa swo tiya/leswi cheriweke swotala (≥0.4mm) eka 0.3-1 m/min; tilayini ta xiyimo xale henhla letingana ti ovens to leha tinga fika eka 3-6 m/min kambe switirhisiwa leswi lavaka. Swipimelo swa maendlelo: ku omisiwa naku sintering swilava nkarhi wotshama (PTFE yilava 1-3 min eka 380-400°C; leswinga enelangiki swivanga ku namarhela/ku pandzeka lokunga kahle); rivilo rikumiwa hi nkarhi wale hansi wo omisa/sintering ehansi ka ku leha ka oven leyi nga cinciki. Swipimelo swa swilo: ti solids/viscosity dispersions tale henhla ti nghena hiku nonoka; malapi yo tiya/yo tsindziyela ya tswonga mati naswona ya hundzisela kuhisa hiku nonoka; malapi yo anama lama talaka ku hambana ka mihlovo ya le makumu ni le xikarhi leswi lavaka ku hungutiwa ka rivilo. Switirhisiwa na khwalithi ya ku cincana: ti ovens to leha ta multi-zone ti pfumelela rivilo rale henhla.

Xihloko lexi xi katsa ku hambana exikarhi ka ti emulsions ta PTFE leti humelerisiwaka hi suspension polymerization vs dispersion polymerization. Ku hlamuseriwa: suspension polymerization ayi nge humelerisi hiku kongoma PTFE emulsion; emulsion ya xiviri ya PTFE yi huma ntsena eka polymerization ya ku hangalaka. 'Suspension-method emulsion' entiyisweni i ku yimisiwa ka mati ka ti micropowders ta resin leti polymerized hi ku yimisa hi misava. Dispersion polymerization (primary emulsion): swiphemuphemu swa xirhendzevutani (0.1-0.3μm, ku hangalasiwa lokuntsongo), leswi tiyisisiweke hi ti perfluorinated surfactants, ntiko wa molecular wale henhla swinene (>94% crystallinity), fibrillation yo tiya, swilava 380°C sintering kuva yi endla film yo tiya leyi yaka emahlweni.

Xihloko lexi xi kambisisa nkucetelo wa muxaka wa platinum catalyst na ku dzika eka crosslinking kinetics ya addition-cure silicone rubber. Tinxaka ta ti catalyst: Speier catalyst (chloroplatinic acid, Pt4+) yi lava kuhungutiwa kuya eka tinxaka leti tirhaka ta low-valent, leti tirhaka tani hi precatalyst; Karstedt catalyst (Pt0 na divinyltetramethyldisiloxane) yi nghena hiku kongoma eka xirhendzevutani xa catalytic. Vuyelo bya muxaka: Speier yikombisa nkarhi wa induction lowu vonakaka na S-shaped curing curve (slow early, accelerated later) na energy yale henhla leyi vonakaka ya activation; Karstedt yikombisa kungari na induction, high initial rate na sharp exotherm, activation energy yale hansi.