Xihloko lexi xi tivisa endlelo ra xisekelo leri heleleke ro chela lapi ra fiberglass hi PTFE emulsion. Magoza ya nkombo ya nkoka: 1 Pretreatment (dewaxing/desizing) eka 350-400°C ku susa switirhisiwa swo pima vukulu bya swiambalo; 2 Ku endliwa ka emulsion leyingana 40-55% wa swilo swo tiya na ti surfactants kuva yi antswisiwa ku tsakamisa; 3 Ku cheriwa hi ku tirhisa ndlela ya dip-squeeze kumbe ku peta blade ya dokodela; 4 Ku omisiwa eka 100-150°C kuva ku khuluka mati hiku olova naku endla filimi yo oma ya PTFE; 5 Ku sintering eka 360-390°C (kufika eka 400°C) ku n’okisa swiphemuphemu swa PTFE kuva swiva filimi leyi yaka emahlweni; 6 Multi-cycle impregnation-drying-sintering yi phindha-phindhiwa minkarhi ya 2-4 ku fikelela ku enta loku kongomisiweke na nhlayo ya resin (45-65%); 7 Vutshunguri bya le ndzhaku ku katsa na vutshunguri bya corona, ku tsemiwa ka makumu, ku rhendzeleka na ku kamberiwa ka khwalithi. Tindhawu ta vulawuri bya nkoka: dewaxing hiku hetiseka, ku tsakamisa hi emulsion hiku hetiseka, ku omisiwa hakatsongotsongo, mahiselo ya sintering lawa ya kongomeke, xikan’we na coating density leyi nga cincekiki. Swihumelerisiwa swi tirhela ti laminates ta frequency yale henhla leti funengetiweke hi copper, ti conveyor belts ta mahiselo yale henhla xikan’we na switirhisiwa swa architectural membrane.

Xihloko lexi xi tivisa ti organic solvents leti lapi ra mahiselo yale henhla ya PTFE ringa tiyiselaka. Lapi ra fiberglass leri pfanganisiweke na PTFE ri kombisa ku nga tirhi ka tikhemikhali loku hlawulekeke, ku lwisana na kwalomu ka ti organic solvents hinkwato leti tolovelekeke ehansi ka swiyimo swa ntolovelo swa ntirho handle ko n’oka, ku pfimba kumbe ku cinca ka tikhemikhali. Swiyenge leswi tiyiseleriwaka swi katsa: ti-alcohol (methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), ti- ketone (acetone, MEK, cyclohexanone), ti-ester (ethyl acetate, butyl acetate), tihayidirokhaboni (petirolo, toluene, xylene, hexane), tihayidirokhaboni leti nga na halogen (dichloromethane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride), ti-ether (diethyl ether, THF), ti-organic acid (glacial acetic acid, formic acid), ti-amine na ti-amide (triethylamine, DMF), ti-phenol, na swin’wana swo fana na khaboni disulfide, pyridine, oyili ya silicone na mati ya maburuku.

Xihloko lexi xi katsa swilaveko swa mpimo wa ku kufumela hi nkarhi wa PTFE high-temperature cloth sintering. Endzhaku ko sintering eka 380-400°C, lapi rifanele ku hundza hiku hatlisa eka 310-315°C crystallization-sensitive zone. Nhlayo ya ku kufumela leyi ringanyetiwaka i kwalomu ka 30-50°C/min (lapi ro olova ringa fikelela 100-200°C/min hiku tirhisa ku kufumela ka moya). Ku kufumela hiku hatlisa (quenching) swihumelerisa crystallinity yale hansi (45-50%), leswi humesaka swifunengeto swo olova, swo tiya leswingana swiphemu swo olova, ku namarhela loku tiyeke, matirhelo ya kahle swinene ya non-stick, xikan’we naku lwisana na delamination naku pandzeka. Ku kufumela hiku nonoka (furnace cooling) swiendla leswaku kuva na crystallinity yale henhla (60-70%), leswi endlaka leswaku kuva na ti rigid, brittle coatings leti talaka ku hunguteka, ku tshoveka na ti microcracks.

Lapi ra mahiselo yale henhla ra PTFE leri nga na ku tsana ka le henhla ri endliwa hi ku peta PTFE eka lapi ra fiberglass ra matimba swinene, leri nyikaka matimba yo tsana, ku lwisana na ku hisa, swivumbeko leswi nga namarheliki, ku lwisana na tikhemikhali, na ku hlangana ka le hansi. Switirhisiwa swa nkoka swikatsa: ku hundzisela ka ti indasitiri (ku pakiwa ka heat shrink, ku baka swakudya, swigwitsirisi swa swiambalo, ku omisiwa ka maphepha/filimi); lapi ro humesa xivumbeko xa composite na ti hot press cushion liners; ku welda tikheteni to sirhelela na tijakete to pfalela ku hisa; ku pfaleriwa ka movha wa gezi na transformer; ku aka tibeyari leti rhetaka na swiseketelo swa tiphayiphi; ku sefiwa ka tikhemikhali na ku pfariwa ka valve eka tindzhawu leti onhaka. Matimba yale henhla ya tensile ya tiyisisa ku tiya ehansi ka tension, ku handzuka, ku olovisiwa hiku phindha-phindha, na ntshikelelo wa michini ya mahiselo yale henhla eka switirhisiwa leswi swohambana hambana swa ntirho wo tika.

Hi nkarhi wa sintering, ti particles ta PTFE eka fiberglass fabric ti n’oka ehenhla ka 327°C, leswi herisa ti original folded-chain lamellae xikan’we na mindzilakano ya ti particles kuva ti endla amorphous melt. Loko yi hola, PTFE yi recrystallizes kuva sherulites leyi vumbiweke hi radially oriented lamellae, laha crystallinity yinga exikarhi ka 50–70%. Mpimo wa ku kufumela wu boha ku hetiseka ka crystal: ku kufumela hiku nonoka swi humesa crystallinity yale henhla, spherulites leyikulu, ku tiya lokukulu; ku tima hiku hatlisa swinyika ti spherulites letintsongo xikan’we naku antswisiwa ka ku olova.

Xitlhokovetselo lexi xa xithekiniki kusuka eka Jiangsu Aokai xi kambisisa hilaha mahiselo yale hansi kumbe yale henhla ya sintering ya onhaka hakona lapi ra mahiselo yale henhla ya PTFE. Ku sintering yale hansi swisiya ti particles tinga n’oki, leswi endlaka leswaku ti micro-pores, weak coating-substrate bonding, swiphemu swo khwaxa, matimba ya kahle ya michini, xikan’we na milky opaque appearance. Ku hisa ngopfu swi hlohletela ku onhaka ka mahiselo ya PTFE, leswi humesaka ti pinholes, ti bubbles, brittleness, ku cinca ka muhlovo wotshuka kuya eka ntima, xikan’we naku humesa musi wa chefu. Swilo leswimbirhi leswi hundzeletiweke swi herisa ku hlangana, matirhelo yo ka ya nga namarheli, ku cinca-cinca, ku pfalela, na ku tshamiseka ka dimensional.

Ti gaskets to pfalela lapi ta mahiselo yale henhla ti hlanganisa matimba yale henhla ya dielectric (ya tshamiseka ehansi ka ndzhongho), -70°C kuya eka 260°C temperature range, universal chemical resistance (handle ka tinsimbi ta alkali leti n’okiweke), non-stick surface (yi sivela creepage), anti-creep (fiberglass reinforcement vs. pure PTFE), matimba yale henhla ya tensile, friction yale hansi (μ=0.05-0.1), na mpimo wa malangavi ya V-0. Loko ku pimanyisiwa na mica, rhaba, na ti gaskets ta PTFE to basa, lapi ra PTFE rinyika ku cinca cinca lokukulu, ku lulamisiwa, na ku tiya ka dimensional ya nkarhi woleha. Swikahle swinene eka ti transformers, motor insulation, ti khemikhali flange sealing, na switirhisiwa swa semiconductor.

PTFE cloth flatness hinkarhi wa sintering swilava tension leyi kongomeke, mahiselo, na vulawuri bya restraint. Maendlelo ya nkoka: muchini wa stenter (ti pin plates ti hlayisa ku anama, ti sivela ku hunguteka ka weft), gradient temperature profile (ku hisa hiku nonoka → 380-400°C hold → ku kufumela hiku nonoka ehansi ka 310°C loko unga se humesa tension), pre-shrunk substrate (yi susa weaving stress loko yinga se peta), na uniform coating thickness (yi sivela differential melting). Stenter restraint yifanele ku hlayisiwa kufikela loko yi kufumela ehansi ka PTFE crystallization point (kwalomu ka 310°C) kuva ku sivela warpage.

Kufana ka ku peta hinkarhi wa PTFE emulsion impregnation ya fiberglass fabric i vutomi bya khwalithi ya xiendliwa. Ku peta lokunga ringaniki swivanga: ku tsandzeka ka non-stick (ku namarhela eka tindzhawu to olova), ku tsana ka michini (stress concentration, ku handzuka), ku nga tshamiseki ka gezi (breakdown voltage yi hunguteka kuya eka 1/10), ku nghena ka ti khemikhali (pinhole corrosion), timhaka ta dimensional (warpage), na swihoxo swa processing (belt wandering, thickness variation). Ku peta loku fanaka swilava vulawuri lebyi kongomeke bya emulsion viscosity, solid content, fabric tension, squeeze gaps, na ti multi-zone drying/sintering profiles.

Lapi ra mahiselo yale henhla ra PTFE ri hundza eka switeji swa mune swa ku cinca ka xivumbeko loko mahiselo ya tlakuka: ehansi ka 260°C – micro-cracking hiku nonoka xikan’we na residual additive volatilization; eka 327°C (melting point) – ku cinca ka crystalline kuya eka amorphous, ku peta ka olova, ku delaminates kusuka eka fiberglass; 400-500°C – PTFE yi depolymerizes (yi humesa tigasi letingana chefu), coating ya nyamalala; ehenhla ka 500°C – fiberglass ya olova (840°C softening point) naswona yi lahlekeriwa hi vutshembeki bya xivumbeko. Tshama ehansi ka 260°C kuya emahlweni, papalata tinhlohlorhi ta >300°C kuva u tirha hindlela leyi hlayisekeke.