Nkhaniyi ikukhudzana ndi mwayi wogwiritsa ntchito nsalu za Teflon zotentha kwambiri pamakampani omwe akubwera. Madera anayi: Kupanga ma electrode / electrolyte membrane - malamba otentha kwambiri oletsa ndodo kuti akanikizire mpukutu wotentha (150-250 ° C) kupangitsa kuti mafilimu azidzithandizira okha; otentha wodzigudubuza chophimba wosanjikiza monga theka-okhazikika odana ndi ndodo wosanjikiza; amaonetsetsa kuti filimu yosalala pamwamba, imachepetsa zolakwika, imapangitsa zokolola. Tulutsani zomangira ndi ma cushioning pads kuti ziwonjezeke - mabatire a sulfide/polymer amafuna kutentha kwa isostatic/flat (100-300 ° C, makumi a MPa); Nsalu ya PTFE yomwe imayikidwa pakati pa batire ndi nkhungu imalepheretsa kumamatira, imathandizira kugawa kwamphamvu kofananira kudzera pa micro-elasticity, imateteza mbale zotentha.

Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kusintha kwa PTFE unyolo wa maselo pansi pa kuwala kwa ultraviolet. Main-chain scission ndi kuchepetsa kulemera kwa maselo: UV (254nm, 471 kJ / mol) imaphwanya ma CC bond (347 kJ / mol), kuchititsa homolysis, kutulutsa ma radicals aulere a CF₂, kutsika kwamphamvu kwa maselo, kuchepa kwamphamvu komanso kutalika. Njira zaulere zamachitidwe: mu oxygen, peroxy radicals mawonekedwe, kukonzanso kwa acyl fluoride (-COF) ndi magulu omalizira a carboxylic acid (-COOH), kutulutsa COF₂ ndi CO₂ (COF₂ hydrolyzes ku HF); m'mikhalidwe ya inert, kusagwirizana/kuphatikizananso kumalamulira, koma kugundana kwa unyolo kumakhalabe kofala.

Nkhaniyi ikukhudzana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nsalu za Teflon zotentha kwambiri mu spacesuit zosanjikiza zotentha. Zofunika: Nsalu ya PTFE-yokutidwa ndi fiberglass, yomwe imadziwika mumlengalenga ngati Beta nsalu, kuphatikiza kusinthasintha kwa nsalu ndi PTFE kusakhazikika kwachilengedwe. Udindo: Wosanjikiza wakunja wa Thermal Micrometeoroid Garment (TMG) m'magawo osunthira a extravehicular, moyang'anizana ndi vacuum, kusiyana kwakukulu kwa kutentha, ndi ma micrometeoroids monga chotchinga choyamba chakuthupi / chotentha chamafilimu amkati opangidwa ndi aluminiyamu. Kuteteza kwambiri chilengedwe: kupirira -200 ° C mpaka +260 ° C (kumayang'ana dzuwa> 120 ° C kumthunzi -160 ° C); pamwamba poyera amasonyeza kuwala kwa dzuwa; imateteza mafilimu osalimba a aluminiyamu a polyimide kuti asapse ndi misozi. Thandizo loyenda: kukangana kochepa kwa PTFE kumalepheretsa kusanjikizana panthawi yopindika, kuonetsetsa kuti EVA isinthasintha.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza ubwino wa ntchito ya nsalu ya Teflon yotentha kwambiri mu lithiamu batire electrode kuyanika. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati malamba otengera kapena zomangira uvuni, kuthetsa mavuto atatu akulu: slurry adhesion, corrosion, and electrode scratching. Ubwino wa madera anayi: Electrode quality ndi zokolola - odana ndi ndodo katundu kuteteza PVDF binder adhesion kuloza mosavuta peeling wathunthu; yunifolomu matenthedwe conductivity pa 100-140 ° C amalepheretsa ang'ambike / kuyaka; yosalala pamwamba kumathetsa zipsera ndi ufa kukhetsa; Kukhalitsa ndi kukhazikika kwa ntchito - kukana kwa mankhwala motsutsana ndi zosungunulira za NMP ndi nthunzi za electrolyte popanda kutupa / kukalamba; kulimba kwamphamvu kwambiri komanso kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe kuchokera ku gawo lapansi la fiberglass kuti muyike bwino; kuyeretsa kosavuta ndi zotsalira zochepa poyerekeza ndi malamba azitsulo.

Nkhaniyi ikukhudza mmene mzere liwiro osiyanasiyana PTFE mkulu-kutentha nsalu impregnation kupanga mzere. Liwiro lofananira: 2-15 m / min, ntchito yokhazikika 3-8 m / min, nsalu zoonda / mizere yothamanga kwambiri mpaka 10-15 m / min. Zoletsa kulowetsedwa kwa impregnation: nsalu iyenera kukhala yodzaza ndi PTFE emulsion mu fiber mtolo wamkati - kuthamanga kwambiri kumayambitsa kusakwanira kwa impregnation, utomoni njala ndi ulusi wouma; emulsion viscosity, zolimba ndende, nsalu yokhotakhota kachulukidwe zonse zimachepetsa kuchuluka kwa malowedwe, zomwe zimafuna kuthamanga pang'onopang'ono kwa nsalu zokhuthala / zowuma. Kudutsa kwa zokutira: ma pass angapo (2-6+) ofunikira pakuyala kopanda chilema; woyamba kupita pang'onopang'ono kwa anangula, wotsatira amadutsa akhoza kuchulukitsidwa pang'ono.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza za silika komanso mawonekedwe ogwiritsira ntchito nsalu zapamwamba za silika. Mafotokozedwe a silika: chizindikiro chachikulu ndi SiO₂ ≥96% (muyezo 96-98%, masukulu apamwamba> 99% kudzera pa leaching acid ndi sintering, kuyandikira quartz fiber). Kupanga: Nsalu ya magalasi a E-magalasi imalowa m'madzi otentha a asidi kuti asungunuke zinthu zomwe sizili silika (boron oxide, sodium oxide), ndikupanga mafupa amphamvu kwambiri a silika, kenako amasungunula kuti apangike. Ubwino waukulu: ntchito yopitilira 900 ° C mumlengalenga wotulutsa okosijeni, kwakanthawi kochepa kuposa 1200 ° C, kufewetsa pafupi ndi 1700 ° C; kukhazikika kwamankhwala motsutsana ndi ma acid / alkali ambiri kupatula HF ndi asidi wotentha wa phosphoric; otsika dielectric mosasintha ndi khola kutchinjiriza pa kutentha kwambiri.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza zochitika za delamination za nsalu ya Teflon yotentha kwambiri. Delamination amatanthauza kulekana ndi kusenda pakati pa PTFE zokutira pamwamba ndi mkati fiberglass maziko nsalu kapena pakati angapo ❖ kuyanika zigawo. Mawonetseredwe owoneka: matuza / kuphulika (kukweza thovu ndi kumveka kopanda kanthu) ngati zizindikiro zoyambirira; kupukuta kwa interlayer ndi zokutira kuchotsedwa mosavuta m'mapepala owonetsa magalasi oyera a fiberglass; kuyera kokhazikika komwe kumatsatiridwa ndi kuphulika pambuyo pa kutentha/kukangana. Zomwe zimayambitsa: Kuwonongeka kwapang'onopang'ono kwamafuta - kusiyanasiyana kwamafuta akuwonjezera ma coefficients pakati pa PTFE ndi magalasi a fiberglass kumapangitsa kupsinjika kwamkati, kutentha kwachangu / kuzizira kumayambitsa kutsekeka; Kuwonongeka kwa khalidwe la kupanga - kusakwanira kwa magalasi a fiberglass pamwamba, kusamalidwa bwino kwa PTFE, kusakwanira kwa sintering kumapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano wofooka.

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mawonekedwe a microstructural a nsalu ya Teflon yotentha kwambiri. Chigoba cha gawo lapansi: kapangidwe ka ulusi wagalasi woluka momveka bwino/zoluka zolukanalukana zolimba kwambiri (zotupa zazing'ono zazing'ono mkati mwa mitolo ya ulusi ndi pa warp-weft node) zopatsa mpata kutengera kwa PTFE. Kuyika kapangidwe kazinthu: kuyika kwathunthu kwa encapsulation kupanga 'konkriti yolimba' komwe ulusi wagalasi ukulimbitsa gawo, PTFE ndi masanjidwe opitilira; pamwamba nodular microstructure wa tinatake tozungulira (tinthu ting'onoting'ono) cholumikizidwa ndi fibrils zabwino anapanga pa sintering; mosalekeza wandiweyani wosanjikiza khungu (angapo mpaka makumi a ma microns wokhuthala) wa PTFE koyera ngati chotchinga chachikulu cha kusanjika kwa mankhwala, katundu wopanda ndodo, ndi kutchinjiriza magetsi.

Nkhaniyi ikuyang'ana kusintha kwapangidwe mu nsalu za PTFE zotentha kwambiri panthawi ya ukalamba. Zinayi: PTFE ❖ kuyanika microstructure - molecular unyolo scission ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni (carbonyl/carboxyl gulu mapangidwe), crystallinity kusintha (kunyamuka koyambirira kenako kugwa), yaying'ono mng'alu ndi pinhole mapangidwe, pamwamba ufa; Galasi CHIKWANGWANI gawo lapansi ndi mawonekedwe - kusang'ana/kulumikiza wothandizila kuchititsa kuwonongeka kwa zomangira, kugwirizana pakati pa nkhope ndi delamination (matuza, malo oyera), kukokoloka kwa ukonde wa magalasi ndi kusungunula, mpweya wa alkali chitsulo okusayidi womwe umayambitsa kupsinjika; Maonekedwe a macroscopic - kusintha kwa mtundu (woyera → beige → bulauni → wakuda), mapindikidwe opindika ndi kupindika, kukwiyitsa pamwamba ndi gloss kutayika, kukhala ufa ukakhudza, kutaya kwathunthu kusinthasintha. Mkhalidwe wa ukalamba: njira yopita patsogolo ya 'kuwonongeka kwa zokutira → kulephera kwa mawonekedwe → kuwonongeka kwa gawo lapansi.'

Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mmene kulamulira sintering nthawi PTFE mkulu-kutentha nsalu. Njira yoyendetsera bwino: kusintha liwiro la mzere. Sintering nthawi = chigawo chotenthetsera chogwira ntchito kutalika ÷ liwiro la kuyenda kwa nsalu. Kutentha kokwanira kwa sintering ndi 350 ° C (pamwambapa kutentha kumawerengedwa ngati nthawi ya sintering). Kugawa kwa kutentha kwamitundu yambiri: kutentha (100-250 ° C), sintering (360-395 ° C), kutentha kwapamwamba (380-390 ° C), kuzizira (pansi pa 300 ° C). Nthawi zolozera pa 380-390 ° C: opepuka (0.08-0.13mm) masekondi 30-60; muyezo (0.18-0.25mm) 1.5-3 mphindi; kulemera (≥0.35mm) 3-5 mphindi. Chizindikiritso ndi kusintha: pansi-sintering (mphamvu yotsika, kukhetsa ufa, ming'alu yaying'ono) → kuchepetsa liwiro kukulitsa nthawi; kutentha mopitirira muyeso (chikasu, kuphulika, utsi woyera) → onjezerani liwiro kuti mufupikitse malo okhala. Kufanana kwa nthawi ya kutentha kumalola kutentha kwambiri (395-405 ° C, masekondi) kapena kutsika pang'onopang'ono (360-375 ° C, 5-8 mphindi).